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To Claim or Not To Claim? Hidden Costs of Business Page Claiming
预算有限的本地商户正越来越多地转向在线评论平台,以监控发布在其商户主页上的顾客评论,而这些主页大多由顾客创建。尽管认领此类商户主页的所有权具有明显好处且成本低廉,但仍有大量主页未被认领,这引出了以下问题:商户主页认领的弊端是什么?本研究利用Yelp的独特数据集,考察商户主页认领对顾客评论的影响。通过利用商户主页认领时间的异质性,我们估计,商户主页认领行为——将Yelp商户主页状态从“未认领”变为“认领”——使顾客平均评分下降10.3%,同时伴随评论文本中负面情感上升和正面情感下降。这主要由最低顾客评分出现概率上升和最高顾客评分出现概率下降所驱动。此外,主页被认领后,给出最低评分的顾客倾向于撰写更长的评论,并在评论中更直接地向商户所有者反映服务问题。尽管商户主页认领可能传递可信赖和负责任的信号,本研究仍向小商户发出警示:在评论平台上认领主页并非没有成本,即使它是免费的。我们敦促商户所有者对主页认领抱有现实预期,并做好充分准备。
Abstract
Local businesses with limited budgets are increasingly turning to online review platforms to monitor customer reviews posted on their business pages, many of which are created by customers. Despite the clear benefits and the low cost of claiming ownership of such business pages, a significant number of pages remain unclaimed, which begs the following question. What is the downside of business page claiming? This study examines the impact of an owner's business page claiming on customer reviews using a unique data set from Yelp. By leveraging the heterogeneous timing of owner business page claiming, we estimate that the action of business page claiming—which changes a business page status on Yelp from "unclaimed" to "claimed"—lowers average customer rating by 10.3%, which is accompanied by an increase in negative sentiment and a decrease in positive sentiment in review text. This is mainly driven by an increased chance of receiving the lowest customer ratings and a decreased chance of receiving the highest customer ratings. Moreover, after a business page is claimed, customers who provide the lowest ratings tend to write lengthier reviews and address business owners more directly about service issues in their reviews. Although business page claiming may signal trustworthiness and responsibility, this study offers a cautionary note to small businesses; claiming your business page on a review platform is not costless, even if it is free of charge. We urge business owners to have realistic expectations about and make adequate preparations for business page claiming.
商户主页认领使顾客平均评分下降10.3%
以Yelp新开热门餐厅为样本,采用交错双重差分并匹配后估计,认领使平均星级评分下降0.42星,约合均值水平的10.3%;该负面效应在超过一年的长期窗口中持续存在,并伴随负面情感上升与正面情感下降。
认领使一星评论概率上升9.57%
以是否获得一星评为被解释变量,PSM+交错DiD估计显示认领后餐厅获得一星评价的概率显著提高约9.57%,而二星与三星评价概率无显著变化,表明评分下降主要由最低评分端驱动。
认领后一星评论字数平均增加约93词
以评论词数为被解释变量,认领后一星评论平均增加约93词,且认领对全样本评论长度无显著影响,说明高度不满的顾客在感知到业主存在后会投入更多努力撰写详细的服务投诉。
认领使五星评论概率下降、四星评论概率上升
认领显著降低获得五星评价的概率,同时提高获得四星评价的概率,支持正面评分分布向下偏移的假设,表明部分支持型顾客在业主出现后转为提出改进期望而非给予最高评价。
认领后一星评论更直接地指向业主
通过关键词、代词及ChatGPT辅助标注构建业主指向指标与主题模型变量,PSM+交错DiD结果显示认领后一星评论中直接向业主反映服务问题的概率显著上升,支持业主导向机制而非顾客导向机制。
管理者回复可部分缓解认领的负面效应
利用456家认领后开始回复评论的餐厅样本,发现管理者回复能在一定程度上减轻主页认领对评分的负面影响,支持假设4,表明认领后的主动响应构成一种显性且有效的补救信号。
核心解释变量
商户主页认领(claim),在评论日期时Yelp商户主页状态为已认领取1,否则取0
被解释变量
顾客评价,包括数值星级评分、各星级评分虚拟变量(一星、四星、五星等)、一星评论词数、VADER负面与正面情感得分、业主指向指标及主题变量
样本与数据
Yelp平台200个人口最多美国城市周边25英里内、2022年11月至2023年9月期间被平台算法识别为热门的新开餐厅(营业不超过3个月),初始218,046条评论;经排除Yelp Deals、90天内管理者回复、私信功能等干扰后,匹配得到627对处理组与控制组,评论层面样本约14万条;辅以Google评论作为反事实对照及Prolific随机在线实验
识别方法 / 模型设定
利用商户认领时间的异质性,采用Callaway and Sant'Anna(2021)交错双重差分方法,并结合倾向得分匹配(一 nearest-neighbor、卡尺0.01)构造处理组与控制组;控制商户固定效应、季节固定效应及评论者Elite身份,标准误按商户聚类;以未认领者和尚未认领者作为控制组
内生性及稳健性检验
进行平行趋势检验(F检验p=0.168,安慰剂检验p=0.453);采用基于认领日期的堆叠DiD替代匹配;以同一批Yelp认领餐厅在Google上的评论作为反事实对照;按评论量中位数比过滤平台差异;扩展至认领后一年检验长期效应;开展Prolific随机在线实验验证机制;并检验异质性效应
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